One city, three days: İstanbul

From its breathtaking landmarks to the continent-linking Bosporus, İstanbul is incomparable, a majestic city that housed emperors, commanders and historical figures in addition to the millions of others who have and continue to make İstanbul a global center. As a destination that (we believe) everyone should visit at least once in their lives, İstanbul is Türkiye's economic, cultural and historical heart, presenting a captivating blend of traditional and modern. Keep reading to find out more about this ancient city!

Getting started: About İstanbul

That İstanbul served as the capital of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman empires is certainly one of the most striking aspects of its history.

Archaeological excavations in Yenikapı reveal that the city’s history dates back 8,500 years.

Set along the Bosphorus, İstanbul is a bridge between Asia and Europe. This feature makes the city unique on a global scale – today, İstanbul is a vast metropolis that connects continents, cultures and civilizations.

Throughout the year, İstanbul hosts colorful and entertaining events, along with numerous summer and winter festivals.

Places to Visit in İstanbul: A Guide to History and Culture

İstanbul, with its glorious history and beautiful natural surroundings, has always piqued the interest of visitors. interest. During your stay in the city, you can explore historical sites and museums, and experience the area’s natural beauty. Let’s get started if you’re ready!

The heart of İstanbul: Sultanahmet Square

One of İstanbul’s most important places and the city’s leading tourist destination, Sultanahmet Square was the site of the Hippodrome (At Meydanı), where chariot races, horse races and javelin games were held during the Byzantine era and after the conquest of the city. Today, the Square houses the Hagia Sophia, the Sultan Ahmed (Blue) Mosque (which gave the square its name), the Turkish and Islamic Art Museum, the Arasta Bazaar and the Basilica Cistern. These places can be visited in a single day.

Sultanahmet Square is also home to the Serpent Column (Yılanlı Sütun), an ancient Greek monument, as well as the German Fountain and an Obelisk of Theodosius brought from Egypt.

Hagia Sophia: A thousand years of history

The Hagia Sophia is an architectural wonder that has survived to this day. Set on Sultanahmet Square, on the Historical Peninsula in the heart of old İstanbul, the Hagia Sophia was originally built as a Byzantine cathedral, but converted into a mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453. With the 1934 Decree of the Council Ministers, the building, which was previously connected to the General Directorate of Museums, was transferred to the Presidency of Religious Affairs in 2020, and it was decided to open it for worship. The Hagia Sophia continues to welcome visitors today as a significant religious and historical site.

A masterpiece of Mimar Sinan: The Süleymaniye Mosque

Mimar Sinan described Süleymaniye Mosque as his “apprenticeship work” in the 16th century. Commissioned by Süleyman the Magnificent, the mosque is a prime example of classical Ottoman architecture. The structure consists of four minarets and is distinguished by a number of outstanding architectural features: It features a main dome, two half domes, two quarter domes, and ten smaller domes. Inside the dome, sixty-four cubes 50-cm-high produced superb acoustics. The Süleymaniye Mosque is open seven days a week and is conveniently located near Eminönü Square.

Topkapı Palace: Heart of the Ottoman Empire

Topkapı Palace, built by Fatih Sultan Mehmed between 1460-1478 after the conquest of the city, is the most prominent palace in İstanbul.

During the Ottoman era, Topkapı Palace served as the state’s administrative and educational center. Its current structure was added by subsequent sultans over time. The palace began to fail to meet state protocol requirements in the nineteenth century, and it has served as a museum since April 3, 1924, when the Republic of Türkiye was established.

Topkapı Palace, the first museum of the Republic, is now one of the world’s largest museum-palaces, with buildings, collections, and around 300,000 archival documents. Do check the museum’s schedule and visitor information before going to the palace, which attracts considerable numbers of local and foreign visitors.

Place of authority: Dolmabahçe Palace

Overlooking the Bosphorus, Dolmabahçe Palace was set in a natural harbor where ships once sought refuge. From the 17th century, the area began to be filled in and was transformed into the sultans’ private garden; it was called “Dolmabahçe” – “filled-in garden”. Until the nineteenth century, the site housed the Beşiktaş Coastal Palace (Beşiktaş Sahil Sarayı), a collection of wooden mansions and pavilions, which were demolished during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid (1839-1861) and replaced by Dolmabahçe Palace. It contains 285 rooms, 44 halls, 68 toilets, and six hamams, and served as a residence for sultans, as well as for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk following the Republic’s proclamation. Many people visit Dolmabahçe Palace, particularly its main structure, which runs parallel to the sea along the coast.

Summer palace: Beylerbeyi

Beylerbeyi Palace was erected between 1863 and 1865 during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz as a summer palace. Historically used primarily to host foreign state guests, the palace combines Western and Eastern styles, featuring details such as Egyptian mat-covered floor coverings, Turkish-Hereke carpets, French Baccarat crystal chandeliers, and porcelain vases from China, Japan, France, Germany and Turkey. The palace’s annexes and gardens are also notable. To find out more about other places to visit in Üsküdar, check out our list of Üsküdar attractions.

The Church of St. Anthony of Padua

Saint Antoine (Sent Antuan) is İstanbul’s largest Catholic Church in size and congregation. It is on İstiklal Street in Beyoğlu, on the left side of the street if traveling from Galatasaray (on the Galatasaray High School side) towards Tünel. Built in the 20th century and featuring an interior height of 23 meters, the neo-Gothic style structure has been visited by countless local and foreign tourists.

Maiden’s Tower: The pearl of the Bosphorus

İstanbul’s towers are tourist attractions in their own right, and the Maiden’s Tower is among the most famous of these structures. Now a monument, the Maiden’s Tower dates to the fifth century BC and has inspired numerous legends, her love affair with the Galata Tower, which she encountered while spending her days alone on the Bosphorus. To see the Maiden’s Tower up close, you can take a boat departing from the pier in front of Karaköy Ziraat Bank. Wander through the depths of history in the museum section – and conclude your visit with a  Turkish coffee in the cafeteria overlooking the Bosphorus. It’s time to check the current boat schedules and visitor information and begin planning!

A majestic view: The Galata Tower

The Galata Tower offers one of the most impressive views of the city from its top floor observation deck. Built by the Genoese during the Byzantine era, the tower has been one of the city’s most recognizable structures for centuries. The Galata Tower was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List in 2013. Visit the tower in Beyoğlu, İstanbul’s historic district, for unique landscape photos, exhibitions and cultural activities.

Grand Bazaar: Local, authentic and always current

We strongly recommend a visit to the Grand Bazaar, one of the world’s oldest and most renowned shopping complexes. Dating from the 15th century, this historical shopping and trading center covers an area of 45,000 square meters and houses nearly 4,000 shops selling everything from jewelry, gold and antiques to rugs and embroidered fabrics. While the bazaar can seem overwhelming at first, we recommend that you enjoy this as a historical and cultural experience. As you breathe in the air of past market traditions, you will notice how trade and shopping are linked to culture and history.

Spice Bazaar: The heart of the spice trade

When it comes to İstanbul’s bazaars, the Historical Spice Bazaar deserves special recognition. The Spice Bazaar, which began construction in 1660, has been known as such since the mid-18th century, due to the sale of Egyptian goods and spices. It is a popular shopping destination for both tourists and locals looking to buy delicious products and souvenirs. Spices are the most popular items, but there is also a wide variety of products available, including coffee, Turkish delight, tea, nuts, jewelry and handmade crafts. Of course, shopping isn’t just about shopping. While you’re here, check out the architecture of this six-entrance bazaar.

Bosphorus and surroundings

The Bosphorus Strait connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, separating Asia and Europe. Traditionally regarded as the border between Asia and Europe, the 30-kilometer Bosphorus not only provides distinctive views of various historical districts, it is also the only waterway for boats from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine to access other seas. The Bosphorus is at the heart of İstanbul’s history and is also home to many of the city’s mansions, palaces, and estates. When planning your İstanbul sightseeing itinerary, make sure to prioritize the Bosphorus and its surroundings. Let’s discuss an unforgettable Bosphorus tour, Ortaköy and more.

Bosphorus cruise: A unique journey through the Bosphorus

What could be nicer than a leisurely Bosphorus tour combining the city’s history and natural beauty? Currently there are two main options for Bosphorus Tours: the Şehir Hatları (City Lines) tour or a private boat rental. Şehir Hatları Bosphorus tours are categorized according to length and concept. The two-hour Bosphorus tour encompasses Eminönü, Beşiktaş, Üsküdar, Kanlıca, Sarıyer, Rumeli Kavağı and Anadolu Kavağı; the shorter Bosphorus tour runs between Eminönü, Üsküdar and Ortaköy. The third category is the moonlight cruise tour, allowing you to “go out on the moon” as if you were in the İstanbul of the past. These evening tours cover Bostancı, Kadıköy, Eminönü, Üsküdar, Beşiktaş, Rumeli Kavağı and Anadolu Kavağı. Check the official website of Şehir Hatları for updated stop and timetable information. You can also tour the Bosphorus on a private vessel, with numerous tour companies offering private boat tours to help you discover İstanbul’s historical and natural beauty. In addition, weddings, marriage proposals, and other events can be organized on the boat upon request.

Ortaköy: A blend of the past and the present

Ortaköy, a lively neighborhood and a popular tourist destination set along the Bosphorus, is in the Beşiktaş district. Walking is the best way to explore the area: We recommend taking the tram to Kabataş and then walking to Ortaköy via the tree-lined road parallel to the Bosphorus. You’ll pass a number of interesting sites, including Dolmabahçe Palace, the Painting Museum, the İstanbul Naval Museum, Barbaros Square, and the Ortaköy Mosque (Grand Mecidiye Mosque), while enjoying glimpses of the water. The walk takes around one hour.

Arriving in Ortaköy, you’ll see the seafront square, where you can shop for souvenirs or antiques, relax in a cafe or fish restaurant, or simply take in the stunning Bosphorus views. The Büyük Mecidiye Mosque (Ortaköy Mosque), a religious and historical site located on the waterfront, is one of İstanbul’s most visible landmarks. Other notable sites in the area are the Esma Sultan Manor, the Historical Ortaköy Bath, Ayios Fokas Greek Orthodox Church, the Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Armenian Catholic Church, and Etz Ahayim Synagogue. In addition, Ortaköy is famous for its kumpir shops, where you can sample this hearty baked potato dish.

Exploring the natural beauties of İstanbul: Must-visit places

While exploring the city’s history and culture, don’t forget about its nature. Yes, İstanbul is a bustling metropolis, but the city offers islands of calm and tranquility as well.

Emirgan Grove: A natural paradise by the Bosphorus

In the Sarıyer district, the lush Emirgan Grove has scenic views of the Bosphorus along with gorgeous gardens and three beautiful preserved mansions: the Yellow Pavilion, the White Pavilion and the Pink Pavilion, the latter of which features a lovely café.

Büyükada: The largest of the Princes’ Islands

Büyükada, İstanbul’s largest island, is one of the most popular destinations in the city for both residents and visitors. Accessed by ferry or private boat, this picturesque island is known for its seafront restaurants, gorgeous wooden houses and, of course, its friendly residents. You can explore the island by foot or on a bicycle; electric vehicles are also available. Some of Büyükada’s historical highlights include the Aya Yorgi Church, the Dilburnu Nature Park, and the house of Reşat Nuri Güntekin, the author of the novel Çalıkuşu. The island has also served as a site for several İstanbul Biennial exhibitions.

Belgrade Forest: İstanbul’s Serene Oasis

Belgrade Forest, İstanbul’s green fortress, is an expansive – and easily accessible – natural paradise. Set behind Sarıyer and north of the Eyüpsultan district, the forest is a popular weekend getaway for city dwellers as well as a habitat for numerous birds and animals. The abundance of streams in the Belgrade Forest gives it an even more tranquil atmosphere; visitors can choose from a number of hiking trails, visit historical dykes, or take a break in one of the cafes. The forest is stunning throughout the year but tends to attract more visitors during the spring and summer months.

İstanbul’s museums: A journey through history, culture and art

İstanbul has a wealth of noteworthy museums, all of which present a distinctive perspective on the city and its culture and history. Conveniently, many of the city’s most notable museums are near major historical and tourist attractions. A selection of museums is listed below.

İstanbul Archaeological Museums: Türkiye’s first museum

The İstanbul Archaeological Museums are divided into three main units. These include the Archaeology Museum, the Ancient Oriental Artifacts Museum, and the Tiled Kiosk Museum – the complex houses nearly a million artifacts from various cultures. Some examples include Turkish tiles and ceramics, ancient sculptures and Egyptian artifacts, as well as Seljuk and Ottoman artifacts. The museum is on Osman Hamdi Bey Slope in Gülhane and Turkish citizens enjoy free admission with the Müzekart. The museum’s visiting hours vary seasonally, so we do suggest reviewing its website before you visit.

Sakıp Sabancı Museum: A rich collection of culture and art

Set in Emirgan, one of İstanbul’s oldest settlements, and overlooking the Bosphorus, the hilltop Sakıp Sabancı Museum is renowned for its collection and archives, which highlight publications, calligraphy, paintings, the decorative arts and archaeological artifacts, including outstanding examples of early Turkish painting as well as works by foreign artists who worked in İstanbul during the late Ottoman Empire period. The archaeological artifacts include 22 stone artifacts. The museum also hosts temporary exhibitions, concerts, seminars and educational programs. The Sakıp Sabancı Museum is closed on Mondays, the first day Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and January 1. Otherwise, it is open to visitors daily from 10:00 – 18:00. Admission is free on Tuesdays.

İstanbul Modern: In pursuit of contemporary art

The İstanbul Modern features an outstanding photography collection along with contemporary art exhibitions from Türkiye and around the world, and a comprehensive events schedule. With a collection curated to present changes in the history of art thematically, the Museum is a popular destination for residents and tourists. The İstanbul Modern is on İskele Street in Tophane, within the Galataport shopping plaza. It is closed on Mondays, as well as on January 1, and the first days of religious holidays. Otherwise, the museum is open to the public every day except Monday, with the usual opening hours 10:00 to 18:00. On Thursdays, citizens and legal residents of Türkiye can enjoy free admission between 10:00 and 14:00.